Essay on Supply Chain Management - 686 Words

â€Å"Supply chain management is the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products and activities occur in the same organization or in other organizations†(Horngren695). This approach enables Regal Marine (R.M) to be highly effective, efficient, and profitable. More over supply chain management effectively manage your supply chain by synchronizing the demand for your products with your production capabilities, optimizing your resource usage, and maximizing your throughput so there are less disruptions and fewer fires to put out. Supply chain management requires companies to use the Internet to be most effective. Nevertheless Companies are failing to adapt to the Internet†¦show more content†¦We mentioned earlier the disadvantages of supply chain management, now we will the advantages and the process of supply chain management. Supply Chain Management Solutions helps companies transform supply strategy into a competitive advantage. By combining the expertise, technology and information to help companies bring immediate value and profit. Supply management is clear and direct. The process help companies find the money in their supply base, get the money to the bottom line quickly and keep the money coming with a renewable and repeatable approach. But to make supply chain management effective companies need to: (1) Get Perspective. (2) Dont Underestimate Learning Costs. (3) Reconsider Whats Efficient. (4) Serve the Partnerships. (5) Dont Overestimate. R.M and partners use the fundamentals of supply chain management and the steps that are mentioned above. To illustrate more the chain will start from the supplier network that include raw material such as aluminum, fiberglass, and glecoat then the components, which can be transmission, seats, and so on. The next step is the subassembly for example engines, wiring, and chassis. The next step in the chain is the boat manufacturers (assembly line), which include R.M and all boat manufactures, then it goes on to the most important step which is the marketing channels (dealer network) and then to the buyers. To exemplify more we will take Wal-Mart as an example. Wal-Mart one of the retailersShow MoreRelatedThe Supply Chain Management Of Supply Chains1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world. Supply chains are now very complex and flourishing in the global marketplace, but only constructed and managed correctly. My discipline is supply chain management. There are many different functions of the supply chain that make it what it is. Breaking this discipline down to specific job task is difficult because each process in a supply chain, no matter how complex is connected with at least one other process in the supply chain. There is no clear definition of a supply chain. A supplyRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains1476 Words   |  6 Pages1.3 Supply Chain Supply chains encompass the companies and the business activities needed to design, make, deliver, and use a product or service. Businesses depend on their supply chains to provide them with what they need to survive and thrive. Every business fits into one or more supply chains and has a role to play in each of them. The pace of change and the uncertainty about how markets will evolve has made it increasingly important for companies to be aware of the supply chains they participateRead MoreSupply Chain Management Of Supply Chains1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe supply chain, not just a simple competition between enterprises. In order to win the competition in the supply chain, which means it must be through the management of the supply chain. Currently supply chains become more integrated, more global, the high-speed development of information technology has become an important driving force. In this report will explore the development of supply chain management technologies and impor tant role. Supply chain and technologies role Supply chain is theRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains Essay831 Words   |  4 Pagesto answer the question of what is supply chain management we must know what a supply chain is. According to (Mentzer et al., 2001, p. 1) â€Å"Supply chain is defined as the network of organisations which are involved in different processes that produce value either in the form of products or services delivered to consumers†. A supply chain is made up of suppliers, manufactures and distributors, a good way of looking at this is the supply chain pipeline. A supply chain is seen as an enabler, this is whyRead MoreSupply Of Supply Chain Management830 Words   |  4 PagesSupply Chain Management Goal of a supply chain. According to Defining the Supply Chain, there are 5 specific goals of supply chain management. They are as follows: 1. Achieve Efficient Fulfillment – â€Å"the purpose of supply chain management is to make inventory readily available in customer facing positions to fulfill demand. The fresh produce business adage â€Å"you can’t sell from an empty wagon† highlights this fundamental purpose of supply chain management†. (Defining the Supply Chain) OrganizationsRead MoreSupply Chain Management986 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are not faced by Dell? How should Ford deal with these challenges? 3. If you are Teri Takai, what would you recommend to senior executives? Tow what degree should Ford emulate Dell’s business model? Herman Miller: Innovation by Design? (Supply Chain Strategy) 1. What are the main elements of Herman Miller’s history, design philospophy, and corporate values? How have they influenced the company’s success? 2. What led Miller SQA to develop a new business model to serve its market? What isRead MoreSupply Chain Management12177 Words   |  49 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN UPPLY HAIN MANAGEMENT ANAGEMENT Report produced for the EC funded project INNOREGIO: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques Sotiris Zigiaris, MSc, BPR engineer by BPR HELLAS SA J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1 Contents 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2 Description What is the Supply Chain Management (SCM) What is the importance of Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management Today Supply Chain Management TomorrowRead MoreSupply Chain Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesSTARBUCKS IT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT This is a case that illustrates several facets at once: Globalization Rapid Expansion, Supply Chain Management, ERP Implementation, and IT Infrastructure. This case takes place in 1997. Introduction You have to admire the enthusiasm of Starbucks employees. Store managers have been known to stuff sacks of coffee beans into their cars and race over to help out other stores running low. Exceptional customer service, but certainly no way to run a businessRead MoreSupply Chain Management Value Of Supply Chains1122 Words   |  5 PagesHeading: Supply Chain Management-Value of Supply Chain Introduction: Supply chain management is a complex undertaking that must involve more than one organization’s efforts to succeed. A tremendous amount of skill, time, and money must be present to build and develop relationships, discover and implement a strategy, and use the capabilities of the chain to build quality at an efficient financial rate. Allowing for these requirements, it leaves one to wonder whether supply chain management is a viableRead MoreSupply Of Supply Chain Management Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesSupply Chain Management involves the process of managing, monitoring, controlling and constantly coordinating supply related activities among manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, retailer and the consumers. All this is done while integrating supply management with demand management, not only within but also across companies. Since all the processes involved in managing supply chain activities require a robust system in place, every company turns to technology for efficient and effective synchronization

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Epilogue Free Essays

string(26) " sexuality comes to mind\." Epilogue The angel took the book from him, then went out the door and across the hall, where he knocked on the door. â€Å"He’s finished,† the angel said to someone in the room. â€Å"What, you’re leaving? I can just go?† asked Levi who was called Biff. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Epilogue or any similar topic only for you Order Now The door across the hall opened, and there stood another angel, this one seeming to have more a female aspect than Raziel. She too held a book. She stepped into the hall to reveal a woman standing behind her, wearing jeans and a green cotton blouse. Her hair was long and straight, dark with reddish highlights, and her eyes were crystal blue and seemed to glow in contrast to her dark skin. â€Å"Maggie,† said Levi. â€Å"Hi, Biff.† â€Å"Maggie finished her Gospel weeks ago,† said Raziel. â€Å"Really?† The Magdalene smiled. â€Å"Well, I didn’t have as much to write as you did. I didn’t see you guys for sixteen years.† â€Å"Oh, right.† â€Å"It is the will of the Son that you two go out together into this new world,† said the female angel. Levi went across the hall and took her in his arms. They kissed for a long time until the angels began to clear their throats and murmur â€Å"Get a room† under their breaths. They held each other at arm’s length. Levi said, â€Å"Maggie, is this going to be like it always was? You know, you’re with me, and you love me and everything, but it’s only because you can’t have Josh?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"That’s so pathetic.† â€Å"You don’t want to be together?† â€Å"No, I want to, it’s just pathetic.† â€Å"I have money,† she said. â€Å"They gave me money.† â€Å"That’s good.† â€Å"Go,† said Raziel, losing his patience. â€Å"Go, go, go. Go away.† He pointed down the hallway. They started walking down the hallway, arm in arm, tentatively, looking back at the angels every few steps, until at last they looked back and the angels were gone. â€Å"You should have stuck around,† the Magdalene said. â€Å"I couldn’t. It hurt too much.† â€Å"He came back.† â€Å"I know, I read about it.† â€Å"He was sad because of what you had done.† â€Å"Yeah, so was I.† â€Å"The others were angry with you. They said that you had the greatest reason to believe.† â€Å"That why they edited me out of their Gospels?† â€Å"Good guess,† she said. They stepped into the elevator and the Magdalene pushed the button for the lobby. â€Å"By the way, it was Hallowed,† she said. â€Å"What was Hallowed?† â€Å"The H. His middle name. It was Hallowed. It’s a family name, remember, ‘Our father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name.'† â€Å"Damn, I would have guessed Harvey,† Biff said. Afterword Teaching Yoga to an Elephant And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen. JOHN 21:25 Can you really teach yoga to an elephant? Well no, you can’t, but we’re talking about Jesus here. Nobody knows what he could do. The book you’ve just read is a story. I made it up. It is not designed to change anyone’s beliefs or worldview, unless after reading it you’ve decided to be kinder to your fellow humans (which is okay), or you decide you really would like to try to teach yoga to an elephant, in which case, please get videotape. I researched Lamb, I really did, but there is no doubt I could have spent decades researching and still managed to be inaccurate. (It’s a talent, what can I say?) While I’ve made some attempt to paint an accurate picture of the world in which Christ lived, I changed things for my own convenience, and sometimes, obviously, there was no way of knowing what conditions really existed in the years 1 through 33. The available written history about the peasant class, society, and the practice of Judaism in the first century in Galilee degenerates quickly into theory. The role of the Pharisees in peasant society, the Hellenistic influence, the influence of an international city like Joppa nearby: who knows how these things would have affected Christ as a boy? Some historians postulate that Yeshua of Nazareth would have been little more than an ignorant hillbilly, while others say that because of the proximity of Sepphoris and Joppa, he could have been exposed to Greek and Roman culture from an early age. I chose the latter because it makes for a more interesting story. The historical life of Jesus, beyond a couple of references by Josephus, the Jewish historian of the first century, and the odd mention by Roman historians, is again mostly speculation. What we can know today of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is included in the four slim Gospels found in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. For those readers who know the Gospels (bear with me), you know that Matthew and Luke are the only two to mention Christ’s birth, while Mark and John cover only the ministry part of Jesus’ life. The wise men are mentioned only in one short passage in Matthew, and the shepherds are mentioned only in Luke. The slaughter of the innocents and the fleeing into Egypt are mentioned only in Matthew. In short, Jesus’ infancy is a jumble, but the chronicle of his childhood is worse. Of the time from Jesus’ birth to when he began his ministry in his thirties, the Bible gives us only one scene: Luke tells us of Jesus teaching in the Tem ple in Jerusalem at age twelve. Other than that, we have a thirty-year hole in the life of the most influential human being to ever walk the face of the earth. With Lamb, in my own goofy way, I attempted to fill that hole in history, but again, I am not trying to present history as it might really have been, I’m simply telling stories. Some of the historical elements of Lamb are uncomfortable to work the modern mind around. The precocious sexuality comes to mind. You read "Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Epilogue" in category "Essay examples" That Maggie would have been betrothed by twelve and married by thirteen is almost certain from what we know of Jewish society in the first century, as are the facts that a Jewish boy of the time would have been learning his trade by age ten, would be betrothed at thirteen, and would be married by fourteen. Trying to create empathy for the adult roles of those whom we, today, would consider children, was of no small concern to me when I was writing that section of the book, but it may be the one section where the sexuality of the characters is not historically out of place. The average peasant in Galilee would have been lucky to live to the age of forty, so perhaps the children, by necessity, reached sexual maturity earlier than they would unde r less harsh conditions. Although there are, I’m sure, many historical inaccuracies and improbabilities in this book, the most blatant that I have knowingly indulged is in the section where Biff and Joshua visit Gaspar in the mountains of China. While Gautama Buddha did indeed live and teach some five hundred years before the birth of Christ, and while his teachings were widespread in India by the time our heroes could have made it to the East, Buddhism didn’t make it into China for almost five hundred years after Christ’s death. The martial arts would not be developed by Buddhist monks until after that, but to remain historically accurate, I would have had to leave out an important question that I felt needed to be addressed, which is, â€Å"What if Jesus had known kung fu?† The life of Gaspar, as described in Lamb (the nine years in the cave, etc.), is drawn from the legends of the life of the Buddhist patriarch Bodhidharma, the man who is said to have taken Buddhism to China around A.D. 500. Bodhidharma (or Daruma) is credited with the school of Buddhism that we know today as Zen. Buddhist legend does not mention Bodhidharma encountering a yeti, but they do have him cutting his eyelids off to avoid falling asleep and having them sprout into tea plants which later monks would brew to keep awake during meditation (which I left out), so I traded that story in on an abominable snowman and Biff’s theory of natural selection. Seemed fair. Bodhidharma is also said to have invented and taught kung fu to the famous Shao Lin monks to condition them for the rigorous regimen of meditation he prescribed. Most of the details of the festival of Kali, including the sacrifices and mutilations, come from Joseph Campbell’s Oriental Mythology, from his Masks of God series. Campbell cites eyewitness accounts of the bloody ritual from nineteenth-century British soldiers and states that even today over eight hundred goats are beheaded for the festival of Kali in Calcutta. (Anyone who had trouble with this passage, please write to Campbell in his current incarnation.) The cited verses from the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita are actual translations of those revered writings. The verses from the Kama Sutra are completely from my imagination, but you’ll find weirder stuff in the actual book. Theologically, I made certain assumptions about who Jesus was, mainly that he was who the Gospels say he was. While I used the Gospels heavily for reference, and there are a couple of references to the Acts of the Apostles (specifically the giving of the gift of tongues, without which Biff could not have told the story in modern American idiom), I tried not to draw on the rest of the New Testament, specifically the letters of Paul, Peter, James, and John, as well as Revelations, all written years after the Crucifixion (as were the Gospels). These missives eventually went on to define Christianity, but no matter what you may think of them, you have to agree that Jesus would not have been aware of them, or the events in them, or certainly the consequences of their teaching, so they had no place in this story. Joshua and Biff, as Jewish boys, would, however, have been familiar with the books of the Old Testament, the first five of which made up the base of their faith, the Torah, and th e rest which were referred to by people of the time as Prophets and Writings, so I referred to these when I felt it was appropriate. As I understand it, however, the Talmud and most of the Midrash (illustrative stories explaining the law of God) had not yet been formulated and agreed upon, so they were not used as a reference for Lamb. From the Gnostic Gospels (a set of manuscripts found at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945, but which actually may have been written earlier than the canonized Gospels) I’ve drawn only slightly on the Gospel of Thomas, a book of Christ’s sayings, because it fit well with the Buddhist point of view (many of the sayings in the Gospel of Thomas are also found in Mark). The other Gnostic Gospels were either too fragmentary, or frankly, just plain creepy (the Infancy Gospel of Thomas describes Jesus, at age six, using his supernatural powers to murder a group of children because they tease him. Sort of Carrie Goes to Nazareth. Even I had to pass.) Lamb is peppered throughout with biblical references, both real and made-up (i.e., Biff quotes liberally from nonexistent books of the Bible such as Dalmatians, Excretions, and Amphibians). My editor and I discussed the merit of footnoting these references and decided that footnotes would detract from the flow of the story. The problem arises, however, that if the reader knows the Bible well enough to recognize the real references, there’s a good chance that he or she has decided not to read this book. Our final decision – well, my final decision, my editor wasn’t really consulted on this because he might have said no – was to advise those who are not familiar with the Bible to find someone who is, sit them down, read them the passages in question, then say, â€Å"That one real? How ’bout that one?† If you don’t know someone who is familiar with the Bible, just wait, someone will come to your door eventually. Keep extra copies of Lamb on hand so they can take one with them. Another problem with telling a story that has been told so many times is that people are looking for elements with which they are familiar. Although I’ve glossed over many events that are chronicled in the Gospels, there are numerous elements which many people think are there, which simply are not. One is that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. She’s always portrayed that way in movies, but it doesn’t ever say that she is in the Bible. She is mentioned by name eleven times in the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Luke, Mark). Most references to her talk about her preparation for the burial of Jesus, and then being the first witness of his resurrection. It also says that Jesus cured her of evil spirits. No whore references, period. There are â€Å"Marys† without surnames all over the Gospels, and some of them, I suspect, may refer to the Magdalene, specifically the Mary who, soon before his death, anoints Jesus’ feet with expensive ointment and wipes them wit h her hair, certainly one of the most tender moments in the Gospels and the primary basis for my rendering of Maggie’s character. We know from letters that many of the leaders of the early church were women, but in first-century Israel, a woman who struck out on her own without a husband was not only considered uppity, but was very likely referred to as a harlot (as was a woman who was divorced). That could be where the myth originated. Another Gospel misassumption is that the three wise men were kings, or, in fact, that there were even three of them. We make that assumption because there are three gifts given to the Christ child. Their names are never mentioned. The names Balthasar, Gaspar, and Melchior come to us from Christian tradition written hundreds of years after the time of Christ. We assume that Joseph of Nazareth, Jesus’ stepfather, dies before the Crucifixion, yet it is never stated in the Gospels. He just may not have been involved. We make assumptions based on what we have been fed over the years at Christmas pageants and passion plays, but often, although inspired by faith, that material is little more than what you have just read: the product of someone’s imagination. The Gospels do not agree on the order of the events that happen during the ministry, from Jesus’ baptism by John to the Crucifixion, so I arranged events from all the Gospels in what seemed a logical, chronological order, while adding those elements that allow Biff’s participation in the story. There are, of course, elements of the Gospels which I left out in the interest of brevity, but you can always find them in the Gospels if you want. My sending Joshua and Biff to the East was motivated purely by story, not by basis in the Gospel or historical evidence. While there are indeed astounding similarities between the teachings of Jesus and those of Buddha (not to mention those of Lao-tzu, Confucius, and the Hindu religion, all which seem to have included some version of the Golden Rule), it’s more likely that these stem from what I believe to be logical and moral conclusions that any person in search of what is right would come to, e.g.: that the preferable way to treat one another is with love and kindness; that pursuit of material gain is ultimately empty when measured against eternity; and that somehow, as human beings, we are all connected spiritually. While historians and theologians don’t completely rule out the possibility that Christ may have traveled to the East, they seem to agree that he could have formulated the teachings we find in the Gospels with no more influence than the rabbinical teachin gs in Galilee and Judea. But what fun would that have been? Finally, this story was set in a dire time, a deadly serious time, and the world of the first-century Jew under the rule of the Romans would not have been one that easily inspired mirth. It’s more than a small anachronism that I portray Joshua having and making fun, yet somehow, I like to think that while he carried out his sacred mission, Jesus of Nazareth might have enjoyed a sense of irony and the company of a wisecracking buddy. This story is not and never was meant to challenge anyone’s faith; however, if one’s faith can be shaken by stories in a humorous novel, one may have a bit more praying to do. My thanks to the many people who helped in the research and writing of this book, especially those who were generous enough to share their beliefs without judgment or condemnation. Many thanks to Neil Levy, Mark Joseph, Professor William â€Å"Sundog† Bersley, Ray Sanders, and John â€Å"The Heretic† Campbell for their advice on religion, philosophy, and history. To Charlee Rodgers for putting up with the fits, starts, whining, and hubris of the process, as well as to Dee Dee Leichtfuss for readings and comments. Special thanks to Orly Elbaz, who was my tour guide through Israel and who showed infinite patience in answering my nitpicky historical questions. Also to my agent, Nick Ellison, and my editor, Tom Dupree, for their patience, tolerance, and advice. Christopher Moore BIG SUR, CALIFORNIA NOVEMBER 2000 How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Epilogue, Essay examples

Australian Constitution Governance and Citizenship in Australia

Question: How is this possible given that the Australian Constitution has changed little over the past century? Answer: Introduction The country of Australia is fourth among the countries which have very old federation. Australia comes after United States whose federal structure is since 1789, Switzerland whose structure is existing since 1848 and Canada whose structure is existing since 1867. The federal structures of these constitutions have not changed since its composition. It has been over a century that the Australian Constitution has been established and under formal terms not many modifications have been made by the governments (Fenna, 2012). However, the Australian federal systems did undergo a number of changes in the prevailing years. The most significant change that can be observed is the degree in which the Commonwealth Government has gradually taken a very dominant position in the Constitutional structure. Federalism in Australia in 1901 After the Henry Parkes' Tenterfield Oration in the year 1889, the colonies in Australia carried out a number of constitutional conventions throughout the time period of 1890s. These constitutionals conventions were put together in a draft Constitution that was given for majority votes in each of the colonies and finally the electors approved of a final round of changes to meet the high threshold of support as required in the state of New South Wales (Appleby, Aroney and John, 2012). In the year 1900 the Imperial Parliament in Britain passed the law as the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. The federation was observed to proceed in a very aimless manner that reflected the lack of any compelling urgency. The colonies attempted to remove the tariff barriers in inter-colonial trade and commerce. These had strategic presence and access to investment capital at lower rates (Selway and Williams, 2005). Structure of the Australian Constitution With regard to the federal structure of the Australian Constitution it can be observed that the model structure is very similar to the American Constitution (Selway and Williams, 2005). For instance the enumeration of the powers of the Parliament under section 51, the states being a broad residual power given under section 108, the supremacy clause given under section 109, the presence of a strong bicameral structure with the senate where the states represented disregard of any disparities in the population of the state as given under section 7, the division of senators into various cohorts for electoral cycles as given under section 13, the establishment of Supreme Court, the High Court with the power to declare any action of the governments unconstitutional as has been given under the section 71 and the two step amending procedure given under section 128 (Galligan and Wright, 2002). Reforms in the federal structure in the contemporary times The federal system of government in Australia has been undergoing a lot of crucial changes. With the recent changes relating to globalization and new methods of governance the questions relating to the existing three tier system of federal structure and how it can adapt the requirements of the integrated economy and also at the main time serve the needs of the variety of communities which is spread over the entire continent. In the 1940s, the federal governments used the power of the constitution regarding taxation to take de facto control over many of the policies through financial inducement and pressure. In 1999 the Goods Services Tax (GST) was established that was collected by the federal government. This was considered to be stealth missile with respect to the state governments. Again during the 1920s-1930s and again in the 1990s, the collaborate standardization of the laws were done by the federal and the state governments (Miragliotta, 2012). However, the process was ad-hoc and the mechanisms of Australia remained comparatively very weak and informal throughout. COAG and its reform agendas The Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) is the head of the intergovernmental forum in the country. The COAG comprises of the Prime Minister, State and Territory Premiers and Chief Ministers and the President of the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA) where the chairperson is the Prime Minister. The primary role of the Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) is the promotion of those policy reforms that are of national importance or those reforms that need a co-ordinated action by all the governments of Australia. The meetings of the COAG are according to the requirements generally once or twice a year. However at times they may also meet for four times in a year (Selway and Williams, 2005). One of the primary achievements of the Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) was the reform agenda that was developed by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Relations (IGAFFR). This reform agenda started from January 2009. This Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Relations mainly aimed in enhancing the collaborating federalism. This federalism reduced the earlier intricacies relating to the financial relations of the Commonwealth with that if the states and territories. It also aimed at the promotion of more flexibility in the service delivery and also enhances the accountability to achieve the outcomes. In order to figure out the reform objectives in the year 2011 the Council of the Australian Governments introduced five themes of strategic significance. These themes are related to the intersection of the jurisdictional responsibilities (Miragliotta, 2012). These responsibilities include the long term strategies relating to economic and social participation, secondly the national economy relating to the competitive advantages, thirdly, reforms for a more lively and sustainable environment in Australia, fourthly advanced and suitable health services for all the citizens of Australia and finally bridging the gap between the indigenous tribes of Australia (Appleby, Aroney and John, 2012). Impact of the High Court on the Federalism Since the federal structure of the country has been created in the 1901 number of rulings of the High Court have gradually strengthened the law making power of the federal government. According to section 71 of the Constitution of Australia, the High Court has the power to resolve the resolve any disagreements rising between the federal and state governments regarding any law making powers (Fenna, 2012). In case of any challenge regarding any law, the dispute is taken to the High Court for determining whether the Constitution has relevant power to make such laws. If the High Court considers the law to be unconstitutional then that particular law will be considered invalid. Generally the state relies on the federal government to fund a number of activities such as the schools and hospitals but now the federal and state balance has also shifted. A very essential part of the total revenue is made up of the federal funds. According to section 96 of the Australian Constitution the federal government has the power to grant financial support to the states in accordance to appropriate conditions that the federal structure deems fit. They generally give tied grants to the state governments which direct the state to how the money should be spent (Fenna, 2012). The federal government further influences the different manners in which the areas relating to education, housing, health, and urban development are to be dealt with. In order to illustrate the role of the High Court is modifying the Australian federalism in the last few decades it is essential that some of the important cases are discussed. To begin with the Tasmanian Dam case of 1983 (Tasmania v Commonwealth, [1983]) is primarily considered (Miragliotta, 2012). In his particular case an attempt was made by the then ruling power the Hawke Labor government to restrict the State Liberal government from the construction of a dam on the Gordon river that is situated in the southwestern side of Tasmania to generate hydro-electric power (Tasmania v Commonwealth, [1983]). The legislation on this was highly criticized and challenged by the state government of Tasmania as well as the governments of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. The challenge was made on the ground that according to the Constitution federal government does not have the power to intervene in such matters (Galligan and Wright, 2002). However, when the case came up to the High Court the Court held that the legislation was valid in accordance to the external affairs and the corporation powers of the Commonwealth. This decision of the High Court was considered by most commentators to be a setback for the federalism in Australia. It was also a failure of the High Court as it fai led to maintain appropriate balance between the state and federal structure of the country. Another case may be mentioned in this regard where the High Court gave a reverse decision in a conflict between the federal and state government. In the recent case relating to Work Choices the facts were that the Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005 was substituted with the contemporary system of compulsory industrial arbitration that contains a national scheme based on the individual workplace agreements (Fenna, 2012). This entire system was basically according to the economical and liberal outlook of the Coalition Federal government (Work Choices, [2006]). This legislation was later challenged by quite a few state labor governments and according to them it was not within the powers of the Commonwealth and also because the law attempted to implement an individual work place agreement that was unacceptable by most state governments. When the case was brought forward to the High Court the Court upheld the previous decision of 2006 and again the court was criticized f or putting an end to federalism in the country. As a result of the decision of the Work Choice case, now the Commonwealth has far more capacity to regulate the different areas of individual activity than that was even expected by those people who had framed and ratified the Constitution (Work Choices, [2006]). These powers are considered by most to be far beyond the powers and scope that was initially given by the Constitution. However, it should be noted that the importance of the Work Choices case is not in the result of the case but in the fact that the High Court got an opportunity to reconsider the whole approach relating to the legislative powers of the Commonwealth as has been given under the Constitution of Australia (Work Choices, [2006]). After the decision in the Engineers case (Engineers, [1920]), it was first that these issues were raised and the High Court was given a chance to consider whether the previously preserved old doctrines can survive in the court jurisprudence. Further in another case known commonly as the State Banking Case (State Banking Case, [1947]), the High Court held that the reserved power doctrines that is related to those fields of power that is reserved for the states only and the limitation and scope of this power helps to understand the power that is conferred upon the Commonwealth. However, even then it is seen that the reserve power doctrine is not logical in the full sense. Conclusion The Australian Constitution that was envisaged in the year 1901 is hence quite different from the exact manner in which it was prepared. The above high court decisions along with a few others imply that these changes were brought about due to the gradual changes in the outlook and thinking of the people. Therefore even though the Australian Constitution was changed over the last few years due to the fact that a number of reforms took place in contemporary times, the structure of federalism also went through a lot of modifications. As a result the federalism that was envisaged in the year 1901 is quite different from what it is in present times. However it should also be noted that the existence of uncertainties and discrepancies in the federal systems is quite normal and most of the developed countries such as that of Canada and the United States of America have also witnessed such changes. Australia is no different in this sphere and such changes in federal structure are made keeping in mind the changing societal norms. References Appleby, G., Aroney, N. and John, T. (2012).The future of Australian federalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Engineers[1920]CLR 28, p.129. Fenna, A. (2012). Centralising Dynamics in Australian Federalism.Australian Journal of Politics History, 58(4), pp.580-590. Galligan, B. and Wright, J. (2002). Australian Federalism: A Prospective Assessment.Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 32(2), pp.147-166. Miragliotta, N. (2012). Federalism, Party Organization and the Australian Greens.Australian Journal of Politics History, 58(1), pp.97-111. Selway, B. and Williams, J. (2005). The High Court and Australian Federalism.Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 35(3), pp.467-488. State Banking Case[1947]CLR 74, p.31. Tasmania v Commonwealth[1983]CLR 158, p.1. Work Choices[2006]CLR 229, p.1.

Coca-Cola / Pespi Business Case Hbs Essay Example

Coca-Cola / Pespi Business Case Hbs Essay Question 1 : Why has the soft drink business been so profitable ? An industry analysis through Porter’s Five Forces reveals that market forces are favourable for profitability. Both concentrate producers and bottlers are profitable. The industry is already vertically integrated to some extent ( § â€Å"Bottler consolidation and spin-off p8). That’s why we sometimes will not distinguish concentrate producers and bottlers. However, we have to keep in mind that relations between concentrate producer and bottlers were often strained. Moreover, in terms of operating profit/sales (exhibit 4 p18), during the period 1980-2004, we can notice that concentrate producer – Coca-Cola company – earned between 21% and 37,1% whereas its largest bottler – Coca Cola Enterprise – only earned between 4,3% and 8,6%. Rivalry : We could characterize the soft drink market as an oligopoly, or even a duopoly between Coke and Pepsi, resulting in positive economic profits. There was tough competition between Coke and Pepsi for market share, and this occasionally hampered profitability – especially for the bottlers. But on the whole, the carbonated soft drink industry remained very profitable. Moreover, nothing contributes as much to the present-day success of the Coca-Cola Company (respectively Pepsi) than Pepsi (respectively Coca-Cola Company). It’s a stimulating competition. But then, came the private label brands ! See question 2 below. Susbstitutes : Other beverages, from bottled water to teas, became more popular. Coke and Pepsi responded by expanding their offerings, through alliances (e. g. Coke and Nestea), acquisitions (e. . Coke and Minute Maid), and internal product innovation capturing the value of increasingly popular substitutes internally. ( § The Cola wars begin p7). Power of suppliers : If sugar became too expensive, the firms could easily switch to corn syrup, as they did in the early 1980s. There are generally a lot of cans companies who are competing for one contract with one bottler. Cans suppliers have very little power. ( § Suppliers to concentrate producer an d bottlers – p5). Power of buyer : We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola / Pespi Business Case Hbs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola / Pespi Business Case Hbs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola / Pespi Business Case Hbs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Supermarkets, the principal customer for soft drink makers, were a highly fragmented industry. Wal-Mart, on the other hand, had much more bargaining Power. They want to bargain directly with the concentrate producers. This contributes to de degradation of the relation between the concentrate producers and the bottler. ( § Evolving structures and strategies p13)? Only buyers with dominant power were fast food outlets but fortunately, they accounted for less than 20% of total soft drink sales. Barriers to entry : New Concentrate producers would need to overcome the tremendous marketing muscle and market presence of Coke, Pepsi, and a few others although the concentrate producer industry is not very capital intensive, other barriers would prevent entry. Coke and Pepsi are Global Brand †¦ even if the products themselves are not all the time as global as we can think (e. g. Coca Cola’s local products in Japan, Dasani bottled water in USA). Question 2 : What has been the effect of the rivalry on profits ? During the 1960’s and 70’s Coke and Pepsi concentrated on a differentiation and advertising strategy. The â€Å"Pepsi Challenge† in 1974 was a prime example of this strategy. However during the early 1990’s bottler’s of Coke and Pepsi employed low priced strategies in the supermarket channel in order to compete with private label (store brands). In the late 90’s decided to abandon the price war, which was not doing industry any good by raising the prices. Indeed, price wars, even combined with low-cost strategies had driven soda price down to the point where bottlers couldn’t get a decent return on supermarket sales (also because the concentrate prices rose). Bottlers then shifted course (both CCE and PBG) and increased their retail price †¦ consumers balked, sales volume dipped and finally, concentrate makers saw their profits drop as a result ! ( § Evolving structures and strategies – p12). Question 3 : How can Pepsi and Coke sustain profits in the future ? Coke can Pepsi can sustain their profits in the industry because of the following reasons: No new threats from new competition : when there is a threat, as when the beverages from bottled water to teas became more popular, Coke and Pepsi diversified into non–carbonated drinks to counter the flattening demand in the carbonated drinks. This can moreover provide diversification options and an opportunity to grow. Coke and Pepsi have been in the business long enough to accumulate great amount of brand equity which can sustain them for a long time and allow them to use the brand equity when they diversify their business. Per capita consumption in the emerging economies is very small compared to the US market so there is huge potential for growth. However, internationalization strategies can be risky. During the 1960s, Coke focused primarily on overseas markets, apparently basing its strategy on the assumption that domestic CSD consumption was approaching a saturation point. Pepsi, meanwhile, battled Coke aggressively in the United States, and double its US share between 1950 and 1970. Diversification and vertical integration often make internationalisation possible. According to Levitt, we should however not focus on local needs but more on homogenous market needs above all. See discussion section below †¦ Discus sion about the globalization of markets The article of professor Levitt is â€Å"provocative†. He argues that modern communication technologies are creating homogeneous market needs, while manufacturing are increasing the benefits of scale. Accordingly, truly global strategies will be able to use low prices to sweep all competitors still focused on local needs †¦ for all that the quality remains. Coca-Cola seems to be really exemplar of the trend. We can read this in the case : â€Å"the bottling process involve high-speed production lines that are interchangeable only for products pf similar type and packages of similar size†. American academics (Gerry Wind and Susan Douglas) warn of the â€Å"Myth of Globalisation†. If we take Coco-Cola we shouldn’t forget to mention that they sometimes adapt to country needs : Coca-Cola is selling local product in Japan alongside its classic Coke. As far as the Dasani bottled water is concerned, if it’s a success in the USA, it’s a failure in Europe. Nevertheless, Prof. Levitt admits it can happen : Global corporation will accept and adjust to differences only reluctantly, only after testing their immutability, after trying in various ways to circumvent and reshape them. Some countries, not all, are becoming richer. Consumers of these countries become less price-sensitive and more ready to spend on indulging their local tastes. Finally, we should also mention that between the two poles of global and local, there is a third position : regional. What we often call global †¦ is just intra-regional. The holy grail is perhaps not to know one everything about only one great thing, but rather to isolate a few standardized markets, some region. We can see that prof. Levitt is sometimes more reserved : â€Å"I do not advocate the systemic disregard or national differences†. However, this way of thinking implies two great things : a breakthrough innovation and a matchless ambition : indeed, supposing that we can never suppose that the customer is a king who knows his own wishes implies to create and keep a customer †¦ what a project ! Based on â€Å"Key debate : Global, Local or Regional – Exploring Corporate strategy – G. Johnson, K. Scholes, R. Whittington – 8th Edition

Marketing Myopia Essay Example

Marketing Myopia Essay Example Marketing Myopia Paper Marketing Myopia Paper Marketing Management I Assignment 1 Marketing Myopia Myopia refers to nearsightedness or shortsightedness. Marketing myopia refers to the myopia shrouding the vision of certain companies or industries. It occurs when the company/industry focuses mainly on selling its products and services, instead of paying attention to the needs of the consumers. They concentrate their efforts on selling, instead of marketing their product. They tend to ignore the adage, â€Å"the Customer is King†, which more often than not results in disastrous consequences. The concept of Marketing Myopia is applicable to Indian companies as well. Many Indian companies historically have failed to define their purpose from the consumers’ point of view. These firms have focused more on producing their goods and services and then finding customers to sell them to, instead of getting to know the consumers’ needs and then producing goods to meet those needs. The situation was made worse by the licensing era and closed Indian economy till 1991, which led to little competition for firms. This resulted in customers having to buy products of only those companies, which created a high demand for their products. One Indian company that suffered from marketing myopia and paid a heavy price for it is Hindustan Motors (HM). It was founded in 1942 by Mr. B. M. Birla, and was the producer of the Ambassador and the Contessa cars. Hindustan Motors: The History The Ambassador began production in 1958, and was based on the Morris Oxford, a British car. It was an extremely popular car in the Indian market for several decades. It had a constantly growing market, initially due to the prestige associated with the car, and later due to the growing affluence of the population, and was helped by the fact that its only rival till 1983 was the Premier Padmini. There was a long waiting period to acquire an Ambassador, and the company was reaping huge profits, without having to focus on consumer needs. Also, Hindustan Motors did not invest money in RD and did not try to improve its cars’ features. . There was a ready market for their product, and they just had to produce their car for it to be sold. 983: Maruti Suzuki enters the market However, the situation changed n 1983, with the introduction of the Maruti 800 by Maruti Suzuki. Consumers now had another car to choose from, and the 800 was like a breath of fresh air in the Indian automobile industry. It ate into a huge chunk of the Ambassador’s market share, as Indians now preferred this feature-packed family car. Hindustan Motors did take some init iative to ward off the threat posed by the Maruti 800 by launching its own luxury car, the Contessa, in 1983. It included a number of high-end features, and was targeted at affluent buyers looking for a luxury option. In addition, HM were also helped by the fact that the Ambassador was the only Indian car with a Diesel variant. During that time, the difference between the price of Petrol and Diesel was significant, and a lot of price-sensitive consumers preferred it to the 800. Due to its spacious size, it also became a popular choice amongst taxi operators. Lastly, a very significant market for the Ambassador was the Government. It was the first choice for most bureaucrats, and the Government accounted for over 16% of the total sales. These factors combined to mitigate the effect of the introduction of the Maruti 800 in the Indian market. 1991: The beginning of the end In 1991, the Indian economy was liberalized, and the Indian markets were opened for Foreign Direct Investment. In due course, a number of new automobile companies entered the market, and the consumers had a lot of options to choose from. The pursuers now became the pursued, and foreign companies supplied better cars at cheaper prices. These cars were packed with features, and the parents companies put in efforts to market their products in a new market. All these factors were missing in the Ambassador and the Contessa, and the money-wielding consumers gladly shifted base to other brands. Where Hindustan Motors lost the plot As discussed by Theodore Levitt, Hindustan Motors made the grave error of taking its customers for granted. They were under the belief that their growth was assured by an expanding and more affluent population, and belief that there is no competitive substitute for the car industry. These conditions were coupled with the fact that the Indian economy pre-liberalization did not have major rivals for them within the industry, and that the Ambassador was the vehicle of choice for Government officials. Over the course of 5 decades, the Ambassador was never changed drastically. There were only cosmetic changes made to the car, and from 1958 till 2000, only 3 upgrades were made. The company never tried to keep up with the changing market environment by varying the looks of its cars, or offering better features that might attract customers by choice and not due to a lack of choice. Hindustan Motors also made the surprising decision of not varying their price to increase sales. Currently, the price of the Ambassador starts at Rs. 4. 2 lakhs, which is sufficient to buy a feature-packed and trendier sedan offered by other companies. There are also several hatchbacks being made available to the consumers at cheaper prices. Hence, even today, the company is not focusing on the needs of the Indian consumer, who are sensitive to price, mileage, features and status. Hindustan Motors has also been dealt a huge blow by the shifting of allegiance on the part of the taxi operators, and Government officials. Government officials started shifting to better and safer cars ever since Atal Bihari Vajpayee started using a BMW 7-Series Sedan as his official car as Prime Minister. HM has lost a huge chunk of its customers, since they failed to focus on their needs, and adapt accordingly. They could have leveraged on their history of being the unofficial car provider to the Indian Government by coming up with new models that would satisfy their needs. Taxi operators have also moved on to the Tata Indica and Toyota Innovas to provide better service to their consumers. They stopped production of the Contessa in 2002 following low demand, and it seems like the Ambassador will be going down the same path soon at this rate. The decision by HM to continue production of the Ambassador and not invest in RD to launch a new car has been a surprising one. That being said, one positive step that HM has taken has been to enter into a Joint Venture with Mitsubishi in 1998 in India. However, in our opinion, the Mitsubishi brand is more apparent to the consumers, and most people do not know about the JV. Hence, Hindustan Motors have failed to respond to the consumer needs and market changes. Globally, cars like the Toyota Corolla, Volkswagen Beetle, Buick Regal have been in the market for decades, and have adapted to the customer and industry demands to have strong sales figures even today. Closer to home, the Maruti 800 also managed to attract new customers over the years by keeping itself relevant in the market. Hindustan Motors have unfortunately been unable to capitalize on their brand value, and the automobile giant of yesteryears has now been reduced to a miserable entity in the current car market.

A Literature Review About Mecication Errors Essay Example for Free

A Literature Review About Mecication Errors Essay ? An error rate of 5% is acceptable in most industries, however, in the health care industry; one single error can result in death. (Berntsen, 2004, p5) This paper discusses medication errors in relation to pharmacology and drug treatment. It will summarize three academic peer reviewed journal articles, followed by general information in relation to medication errors, the impact of medication errors on client care, strategies to prevent medication errors  and conclude with the relationship to nursing. Summary of Articles Related to Medication Errors. The first article is by Karin Berntsen, 2004, and is entitled â€Å"How Far Has Health Care Come Since ‘To Err is Human’? Exploring Use of Medical Error Data†. This is a review of what changes have been made since a medication error report written by the Institute of Medicine was published in 1999. This article depicts how the health care system has changed since this 1999 report was written, and how the information was utilized for our benefit. They concluded that in the USA, medical errors were one of the top 8 leading causes of death. They reported the cost for these errors was between $17 Billion to $29 billion dollars. Until a new report is completed, health care providers will be unaware whether their goals in increasing patient safety were accomplished. The article finalizes that there has been progress in regards to prevention of medication errors and health care leaders feel passionate about increasing patient safety. (Berntsen 2004) The second article is by William N. Kelly, 2004, and is titled â€Å"Medication Errors: Lessons Learned and Actions Needed† and highlights the death of a one year old child who was diagnosed with cancer. She subsequently died, not from the cancer, but from receiving an incorrect dosage of a drug that she was being treated with. This report indicates that medications are systematically checked and balanced and errors are usually caught before a drug is administered to a patient. The article states that problems are not being solved in a timely manner since the industry has been â€Å"putting ‘band aids’ on problems that need ‘major surgery’.(Kelly 2004). In conclusion, the article questions whether or not they are taking the right approach in preventing errors. Many people are trying to fix this problem however; errors are still made too frequently. (Kelly 2004) The final article is by Rosemary M. Preston, 2004, and is titled â€Å"Drug Errors and Patient Safety: A Need for Change in Practice†. This article presents that errors continue to happen for many reasons. It concentrates upon calculations errors, lack of knowledge of drugs, over/under dosing drugs,  interactions with drugs and food, and legalities regarding drug administration. It also presents recommendations to minimize the risk of drug errors with good communication and honesty. The article closes by stating that â€Å"nurses should never estimate the skills needed for safe administration of medicines.† (Preston 2004) Key aspects: medication errors and their causes. To understand the impact that medication errors have on a patient, we have to understand what a medication error is. According to Health Canada online, a medication error is defined as: Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. Such events may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labelling, packaging, and nomenclature; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use.† [Developed for use by the National Coordinating Council on Medication Error Reporting and Prevention]( http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Medication errors occur for a variety of reasons. An error can affect all areas of a health care facility from health care management, staff, physicians, pharmacy and especially patients. Studies have indicated that errors will usually occur when the staff demonstrates signs of fatigue, stress, are over-worked or encounter frequent interruptions and distractions. When physicians display bad handwriting, ineffective communication with patients, and do not educate staff and patients effectively, a medication error is more likely to happen. Poor management can result in more medication errors when there is an emphasis on volume, over service quality. This results in inadequate staffing and disorganization. Medication errors affect all components of the health care environment. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) As disturbing as it sounds, one miniscule error can result in a patient’s injury or can even lead to their death. According to the American Journal of Medicine, statistics reveal that â€Å"more than two million American hospitalized patients suffered a serious adverse drug reaction in relation to injury within the 12-month period and, of these, over 100,000 died as a result.† http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news) Death and injury is a sad reality to any single error. The government established six rights of drug administration to prevent medication errors and ensure accuracy. These six rights include: Right drug, right dose, Right client, right route, right time and right documentation. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Injuries that result from a medication error are called adverse drug events. Usually, these unpleasant effects can be eliminated and injury can be avoided. However, every drug produces harmful side effects, but the severities of these effects vary from individual to individual. These side effects also depend on the drug and the dose given. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Health care professionals must report all errors and are accountable for their actions. No matter how insignificant, nurses are taught to document and report all mistakes. When statistics show what types of errors are made, an analysis can be done. This analysis can be used to plan ways to prevent them medication errors. (Berntsen, 2004)When a nurse does not report a mistake, the probability that it will happen again will increase. Medication errors have a huge impact on client care. They can result in death, injury, and result in unwanted effects of drugs. It is our responsibility as nurses to comply with the clients’ six rights of drug administration, to prevent errors from taking place. Strategies to prevent medication errors. There are many efficient ways to prevent nurses from making an error. To ensure patient safety in all aspects of client care, nurses are taught to think critically, and to problem solve. Nurses use critical thinking to ensure safe, knowledgeable, nursing performance and they must be able to keep up with updated health facts by constantly educating themselves with new information. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Critical thinking assists in the prevention of medication errors. The six rights in drug administration help prevent medication errors from occurring. It is important to maintain the highest standards of practice of these rights for a drug to be prepared properly. Failure to adhere to any one of these rights will definitely result in a medication error. (Clayton & Stock, 2004) Take your time when preparing medications and research any unknown drugs. Rushing should be avoided when preparing, administering and reading medication labels. Proper research must be done before an unfamiliar drug is administered it to a client. Even when in a rushed emergency situation, drugs should be looked at carefully to know the correct concentration and name of the drug, to prevent injury. (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Labels should be read carefully and accurately. Before a drug is given to a patient, three checks should be done to ensure you are giving the proper drug and dose. In a situation where you are unsure of a drug order, you are expected to refuse the order and clarify it by law. If an individual is unfamiliar with a particular drug, the drug should not be given. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) When a label is unclear, do not try not to examine the drug order yourself. Do not ask an associate, or ask for anyone else’s interpretation of the drug. To get the correct information, contact the individual who ordered the drug to clarify the label. In order to decrease the chances of error, verify all unclear hand writing, abbreviations, decimal points, decimal places and dosages. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) Use of dosage abbreviations should not be used to avoid drug miscalculations. Dosage abbreviations are misinterpreted more often, than any other type of abbreviation. Using standardized abbreviations, would assist in preventing misinterpretation of abbreviations. (Preston 2004) A drug check should be done three times prior to the administration of a drug. The drug label should correspond with the physician’s orders. The three checks should be done; â€Å"Before removing the drug from the shelf or dosage cart, before preparing or measuring the actual prescribed dose, and before replacing the drug on the shelf or before opening a unit dose container, just before administering a dose to a patient.† (Clayton & Stock, 2004) Do not make assumptions regarding drugs. Physicians, pharmacists, make mistakes and other parts of the health system may be flawed. For example, when documentation shows the patient has no drug allergy, it is wrongful to assume the patient will have no adverse reaction to a new drug. This could result in detrimental results to a client’s health. Therefore no assumptions should ever me made. (http://www.ismp.org-/ToolsAllina-Orientation.html) A quiet environment for preparing medications will prevent prescription errors from occurring. Sometimes, nurses are repeatedly interrupted when preparing a medication. Distractions interfere with processing information and decision making. Errors will least likely occur when preparations are done when there are no distractions. (http://www.ismp.org-/ToolsAllina-Orientation.html) When preventing errors, staff must be certain all dosage calculations are correct and clarified. It may be beneficial to ask a colleague to assist you in checking doses, to minimize the chance of miscalculations. Other suggestions to minimize error include; â€Å"making pre-calculated conversion cards, always use a leading zero before a decimal, never use a zero after the decimal and include indications whenever possible. Miscalculations are preventable if proper methods of inspecting calculations are used.† (Preston  2004, p.72) Assess for the effects of drugs to avoid harming a client. A client must be assessed before and after a drug is given. For instance, before giving an oral medication, assess whether the client can swallow or feels nauseated. An appropriate follow up should be done after a medication is administered. It is important to check if the client experienced the desired effect of the drug. Significant abnormal responses to drug should be reported to the physician. (Kozier & Erb 2004) To finalize this assignment, medication errors are mistakes that can cause harm to patients and can even result in death. The articles that have been summarized illustrate situations where medication errors have occurred and review what the health care industry is doing to prevent errors. A medication error is preventable and errors can be caused by a variety of reasons. This paper has discussed the impact medication errors have on client care and strategies of how to prevent errors from occurring. As a nurse, this knowledge will assist me in keeping beneficence a priority for client care. Clayton, Bruce D., BS, RPh, PharmD, and Yvonne N. Stock, MS, BSN, RN. Basic Pharmacology for Nurses. 13th ed. United States of America: Mosby, 2004. Government of Canada Online. (2004, Summer). Retrieved July 18, 2004, from Health Canada Web site: (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Kelly, William N. â€Å"Medication Errors.† Professional Safety 49: 35. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Assiniboine Community College. 22 July 2004 . Government of Canada Online. (2004, Summer). Retrieved July 18, 2004, from Health Canada Web site: (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Kozier & Erb, Barbara, et al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Minimizing Medication Errors. (n.d.). In NAPRA: National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities. Retrieved July 17, 2004, from NAPRA: National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities Web site: http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157/166.asp Preston, Rosemary M. â€Å"Drug errors and patients safety: the need for a change in practice.† British Journal of Nursing (BJN) 13: 72. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Assiniboine Community College. 22 July 2004 . A Literature Review About Mecication Errors. (2016, Jul 22).

Discuss changes and similarities in Roman Republic art and Essay

Discuss changes and similarities in Roman Republic art and architecture as opposed to Roman Imperial art and architecture - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present one feature which is noticeable from the Republican period of Roman art. This is the tendency to imitate Greek models of sculpture. Hellenist artists were much admired by the Romans, not just in sculpture but also in literature, music and all kinds of arts and crafts. In sculpture this influence can be seen very clearly in the muscular, semi-naked bodies and the static poses which exude a sublime and noble authority: â€Å"Critics are united in acknowledging the enormous debt owed to Greece by all branches of Roman art.† A good example of the way that Romans imitated Greek culture in the early days of the Republic can be seen in the statue of Diaoumenos which is a marble copy of a Greek bronze. The different material makes it somewhat stiffer and more formal than the bronze original must have been, but it shows a similar preoccupation with physical prestige. Vergil’s account of the early history of Rome contains an illuminating passage on the differing value systems that existed between Greeks and Romans. Anchises says: â€Å"Others will cast their breathing figures more tenderly in bronze and bring more lifelike portraits out of marble. Roman, remember by your strength to rule earth’s peoples for your arts are to be these: to pacify, to impose the rule of law to spare the conquered, battle down the proud.† This suggests that the emphasis for Romans may have been more on the symbolism of power and authority that these statues conveyed, than appreciation of the physical beauty of the piece. There are also technical differences in the way that the Romans adapted Greek techniques and styles. Jackson points out that the Roman funerary rights often involved the production of realistic death masks, from which also portraits in three dimensional marble could be made later, and explains the verism of late republican portrait statues as being partly derived from this tradition: â€Å"the death mask emphasizes the construction of the face and skull, whilst Hellenistic art shows more concern for the plastic rendition of muscle and for the surface detail generally.†